8th Std Science Term 2 Solution in English | Lesson.5. Movements

 8th Std Science Term 2 Solution in English | Lesson.5. Movements

Lesson 5. Movements

I. Choose the correct answers:

1. Which of the following parts of our body help us in movement?

i) Bones	ii) Skin
iii) Muscles	iv) Organs

Choose the correct answer from the options below.

1. (i) and (iii)
2. (ii) and (iv)
3. (i) and (iv)
4. (iii) and (ii)

Ans : (i) and (iii) 

2. Which one of the following organisms lack muscles and skeleton for movement?

1. Dog
2. Snail
3. Earthworm
4. Human being

Ans : Snail

3. __________ joints are immovable

1. Shoulder and arm
2. Knee and joint
3. Upper jaw and skull
4. Lower jaw and upper jaw

Ans : Upper jaw and skull

4. Why do underwater divers wear fn-like fippers on their feet ?

1. To swim easily in water.
2. To look like a fsh.
3. To walk on water surface.
4. To walk over the bottom of the sea (sea bed).

Ans : To swim easily in water.

5. External ear (pinna )is supported by

1. bone
2. cartilage
3. tendon
4. capsule

Ans : cartilage

6. Cockroach moves with the help of its

1. leg
2. bone
3. muscular foot
4. whole body

Ans : whole body

7. Which one of the following categories of vertebrae are correctly numbered.

1. Cervical-7
2. Toracic-10
3. Lumbar – 4
4. Sacral – 4

Ans : Cervical-7

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. Movement of organisms from place to place is called __________.

Ans : locomotion

2. __________ refers to change in position of the part of an organism,s body

Ans : Movement

3. A structure which provides rigid frame work to the body is called __________ 

Ans : skeleton

4. Axial skeleton in human consists of __________, __________, __________ and __________.

Ans : Skull , sternum and vertebral column.

5. Appendicular skeleton in human consists of __________ and __________.

Ans : Pelvic and Pectoral girdle.

6. The place where two bones meet is termed as __________. 

Ans : Joint

7. __________ is attached to soft parts of the body like blood vessels, iris, bronchi and the skin

Ans : Smooth muscle 

8. __________ muscle makes pupil of eyes wider

Ans : Radial

III. State True or False. If false, correct the statement.

1. Skull in humans consists of 22 bones.

Ans : True

2. There are 12 pairs of ribs in human body. 

Ans : True

3. Pelvic girdle is a part of axial skeleton.

Ans : False.

Cu St. : Pelvic girdle is a part of appendicular skeleton.

4. Hinge joint is slightly movable joint. 

Ans : True.

5. Cardiac muscle is a voluntary muscle.

Ans : False.

Cu St. : Cardiac muscle is a involuntary muscle.

6. The flexor and extensor muscle of the arm are antagonistic muscles

Ans : True.

IV. Answer very briefly:

1. What is skeleton?

The skeleton system provides the hard structure or framework to the human body which supports and protects the body.

2. What is cranium?

• Skull has 22 bones of which 8 bones are fixed together to form the cranium.
• It is called brain box since it protects the brain.

3. Why our backbone is slightly movable?

In the backbone, vertebrae are joined by gliding points, which allow the body to be bent back, front or side wards.

4. Differentiate axial and appendicular skeleton.

Axial skeleton:

The axial skeleton consists of the bones along the axis, or central line of the human body and consists of the skull, facial bones, sternum, ribs, and vertebral column.

Appendicular skeleton:

The appendicular skeleton contains the bones in the appendages of the body, as well as the structures that connect the appendages to the axial skeleton. It comprises the shoulder girdle; the arm, wrist, and hand bones; the pelvic girdle; and the leg, ankle, and foot bones.

5. What is ligament?

A ligament is a band of strong fibrous tissue which connects a bone to a bone.

6. Define Muscle.

Muscles are long bundles of contractile tissue, which has a fixed end (Origin) and movable end which pulls some other part.

7. Differentiate tendons and ligament.:

Tendon	Ligament
1. They are made of elastic tissue.	They are short bands of tough fibrous connective tissues.
2. They attach muscle to a bone	They connect one bone to another

V. Answer briefly

1. Differentiate between the following.

1. Movement and Locomotion

Movement	Locomotion
1. Movement is the act of changing the place or position by one or more parts of the body.	Locomotion is the movement of an organism from one place to another.
2. It can either be voluntary or involuntary.	It is always voluntary.
3. A movement takes place at the biological level.	Locomotion takes place at the organism level.
4. Movement requires energy.	Locomotion doesn’t necessarily require energy.

2. Endoskeleton and Exoskeleton

Endoskeleton	Exoskeleton
1.It is the skeleton found inside the body.	It is the skeleton found on the exterior layer of the body.
2. It originals from mesoderm.	It originals from embryonic ectoderm or mesoderm.
Example: Human beings.	Example: Scales of fish feathers of birds

3. Pectoral and Pelvic girdle

Pectoral girdle	Pelvic girdle
1. It is situated in the shoulder region.	It is situated in the hip region.
2. It gives articulation to forelimbs.	It gives articulation to legs or hind limb.
3. The shoulder blade and collar bone remain separate.	Three bones (ilium, ischium and pubis) are fused to form a single hip bone.
4. They are comparatively lighter.	They are strong to take upto lot of stress

4. Ball and socket Joint and Hinge Joint

Ball and socket Joint	Hinge Joint
1. A ball shaped head of one bone articulates with a cup like socket of an adjacent bone.	A cylindrical protrusion of one bone articulates with a trough-shaped depression of an adjacent bone.
2. Movement can occur in three planes. This joint allows the greatest range of movement.	Movement is restricted to one plane. This joint allows bending and straightening only.
3. Example: Shoulder, Hip	Example: Elbow Knee Ankle

5. Voluntary and Involuntary muscle:

Voluntary muscle:	Involuntary muscle:
1. They are striated (Multinucleate muscles and unbranched) muscles.	They are non – striated (Single muscle, central nucleus) muscles.
2. They are attached to bones.	They are attached to soft parts of the body like blood vessels, Iris, Skin etc.
3. They are used as per our will.	They are not under our control.

2. What are antagonistic muscles? Give one example.

• Muscles often work in pairs which work against each other. These are called antagonistic pairs.
• The muscles in the upper arm control the bending and straightening of the arm.
• The two muscles, the biceps and triceps are working against each other.
• When the biceps contracts the lower arm is raised and the arm bends.
• In this position the triceps muscle is relaxed.
• To straighten the arm the reverse happens.
• The triceps contracts straightening the arm, while the biceps relaxes.

3. How is the skeleton of a bird well-suited for flying?

• A bird has streamlined body. Its bones are light and strong.
• They are hollow and have air spaces between them.
• The hind limbs of birds are modified as claws, which help them to walk and to perch.
• The breast bones are modified to hold massive flight muscles which help in moving wings up and down.
• Birds have special flight muscles and the forelimbs are modified as wings.
• The wings and tail have long feathers, which help in flying. Birds show two types of flight: gliding and flapping.

4. What are the functions of skeleton in human body?

The skeletal system serves five important functions in the human body:

• It provides structure and shape to the body.
• It supports and surrounds the internal organs of the body.
• Calcium and phosphorus, the two minerals that the body needs for important regulatory functions, are stored inside the bones.
•  Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
• The bones of the skeletal system act as levers for muscular action.Muscular movement would not be possible without tendons (fibrous cords of tissue that attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (fibrous cords of tissue that attach bone to bone).

VI. Answer in detail

1. Name the different types of joints? Give one example for each type.

Joints:

The point at which two separate bones meet is called a joint. Depending on the type of movement they allow, joints can be of three types: fixed, slightly movable and movable joints.

Fixed or Immovable joints:

In this type of joint no movement is possible between the two bones. The structures between the bones of the skull box are examples of immoveable joints.

Slightly movable joints:

Only very little (partial) movement occurs between the two bones. The joint between a rib and the breast bone or between the vertebrae is the example for slightly movable joint.

Freely movable joints:

In this type, varying degree of movements is possible between the two bones forming the joint. There are six major types of movable joints.

Joint	example
Ball and Socket	Shoulder, Hip
Hinge	Elbow Knee Ankle
Pivot	Spine (Atlas / Axis joint at the top)
Condyloid	Wrist
Gliding	Spine (between the bony processes of the vertebrae)
Saddle	Tumb, shoulder and inner ear.

2. Write about the human axial skeleton, giving suitable labelled diagram.

The axial skeleton consists of the bones along the axis or central line of the human body. It consists of the skull, facial bones sternum, ribs and vertebral column.

Skull:

• It is a hard structure made of 22 bones.
• 8 bones are fixed together to form the cranium and 14 hones fuse to
  form the face.
• The lower jaw is the only movable bone of the skull.

Vertebral column:

• It is called the backbone and runs of the back of the body.
• It is made of 33 individual bones called vertebrae as follows :

1. 1. 7 Cervical vertebrae
   2. 12 Thoracic vertebrae
   3. 5 Lumbar vertebrae
   4. 5 Fused sacral vertebrae
   5. 4 Fused coccygeal vertebrae

• The hollow tube of the vertebral column contains the spinal cord.
• Vertebrae are joined by gliding points which allow the body to be bent back, front or side – wards.

Function of vertebral column:

• It protects the spinal cord
• It supports the head
• It serves as an attachment for ribs
• Helps in walking, standing erect and posture.

Sternum or Ribcage:

• It is a cone shaped structure in the chest region and made up of 12 pairs of ribs.
• The ribs attached to the vertebral column at the back and the breast bone in the front.
• There are 12 pairs of ribs.
  1. First 10 pairs are attached to breast bone.
  2. 2 pairs are called free floating ribs and are free in the front.
• Rib cage can contract and expand during breathing.
• It protects the lungs, hearts and a part to the liver.

3. Discuss various types of movements seen in living organisms.

There are three types of movements:

1. Amoeboid movement
2. Ciliary movement
3. Muscular movement

Amoeboid movement:

It is brought about by pseudopodia which are appendages which move with movement of protoplasm within a cell.

Ciliary movement:

This movement is brought about by appendages called as cilia which are the hair-like extensions of the epithelium. Both these kinds of movements are seen with cells of the lymphatic system.

Muscular movement:

It is a more complex movement which is brought about by the musculoskeletal system. This type of movement is seen in the higher vertebrates.

Example: Human beings.

 

4. What is a streamlined body? How does it help in the movement of animals that fly or swim in water?

• A streamlined body is one which is pointed at the ends and broad in the middle. When such a body travels through a fluid or gaseous medium it exhibits minimum friction or resistance. A body shape which is streamlined helps cut against the friction created by the medium around the moving body.
• Streamlined body lowers the friction drag between a fluid, air or water and an object moving trough that fluid. Drag is a force that slows down motion. Streamlining reduces the surface area of the moving object.
• Streamlining reduces friction of movement to a minimum thus decreasing overall drag. Fishes can save energy while swimming because of the streamlined body.

5. Write a short note on different types of muscles.

Muscles found in higher vertebrates are of three types:

• Striated or skeletal muscles or voluntary muscles.
• Unstriated or smooth muscles or involuntary muscles.
• Cardiac muscles.

Muscle	Location	Characteristics
Striated / Skeletal / Voluntary muscle	Attached to bones. Found in arms, legs, neck.	Multinucleate, Unbranched, Voluntary
Non striated / Smooth / Involuntary muscle	Attached to soft parts of the body like blood vessels, iris, bronchi and the skin	Single, central nucleus Involuntary
Cardiac muscle	Heart	Branched, 1 -3 central nuclei Involuntary